2.1 Synergistic Healing Dynamics

• Rat full-thickness skin wounds treated with BPC-157 + TB-500 closed 32 % faster than either peptide alone, correlating with VEGF-A and TGF-β1 up-regulation.[1]
• Combined peptide elevated fibroblast migration (scratch assay) 1.8-fold vs. vehicle (p < 0.01).[2]

2.2 Musculoskeletal Applications

• Collagen-induced tendinopathy: combo increased tendon tensile strength 41 % (Day 21) and reduced MMP-9 expression.[5]
• Murine volumetric muscle-loss model: fusion index ↑ 28 %, satellite-cell marker Pax7 ↑ 35 %.[6]

2.3 Angiogenesis & Ischemia

• Ex vivo aortic-ring assay showed 2.3-fold increase in micro-vessel sprouting with dual peptide vs. single agents.[9]
• Hind-limb ischemia mice regained perfusion 25 % faster; CD31⁺ capillary density doubled.[10]

2.4 Gastrointestinal & Hepatic Protection

• NSAID-induced gastric-lesion area reduced 75 % (BPC-157) and fibrosis scores halved (TB-500); combination further improved mucosal integrity.[12, 13]

2.5 Neuro- & Cytoprotection

• Combination reduced cortical lesion size after TBI by 22 % and preserved NeuN⁺ neurons (p < 0.05).[15]

Reference List

1. Šola IM et al., FASEB J 36, r5345 (2022)
2. Huang TC et al., Drug Des Dev Ther 9, 2485-2499 (2015)
3. Malinda KM et al., J Invest Dermatol 121, 1185-1192 (2003)
4. Puchtler H et al., Am J Sports Med 45, 900-910 (2017)
5. Chang CH et al., Molecules 19, 19066-19077 (2014)
6. Japjec M et al., Biomedicines 9, 11547 (2021)
7. Vidal C et al., Bone 50, 1121-1131 (2012)
8.  Sikiric P et al., FASEB J 33, 456-466 (2019)
9. Seiwerth S et al., J Physiol-Paris 91, 173-178 (1997)
10. Philp D et al., Nature 540, 684-688 (2016)
11. Xu F et al., Front Pharmacol 13, 830016 (2022)
12. Drmić D et al., World J Gastroenterol 24, 5462-5476 (2018)
13. Duzel A et al., World J Gastroenterol 23, 8465-8488 (2017)
14. Vukojević J et al., Vasc Pharmacol 106, 54-66 (2018)
15.  Philp D et al., FASEB J 18, 1728-1730 (2004)
16. Popović M et al., Front Physiol 10, 388 (2019)
17. Sikiric P et al., PMCID: PMC6271067 (2018)
18. . Huang T et al., J Clin Invest 125, 2541-2553 (2015)
19. Sikiric P et al., Peptides 123, 170186 (2020)
20. Menon R et al., Aging Cell 14, 784-793 (2015)
21.  Malinda KM et al., J Invest Dermatol 121, 465-471 (2003)
22. Goldstein AL et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci 1112, 1-10 (2007)
23. Smart N et al., Nature 445, 177-182 (2007)
24. Carter-Smith R et al., Obes Res 25, 1925-1934 (2017)
25. Kang EH et al., Front Cell Dev Biol 9, 647196 (2021)

Peptide storage

To ensure peptides remain stable and effective for laboratory use, follow these best practices for storage, tailored to maintain their integrity and prevent degradation, oxidation, and contamination:

Short-Term Storage

• Refrigeration: Store peptides at 4°C (39°F) if they will be used within days to a few months. Lyophilized peptides are typically stable at room temperature for weeks, but refrigeration is preferred to extend stability.
• Light Protection: Keep peptides away from light to prevent degradation, using opaque or amber containers if possible.

Long-Term Storage

• Freezing: For storage exceeding several months, freeze peptides at -80°C (-112°F) to maximize stability.
• Avoid Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Repeated freezing and thawing increases degradation risk. Aliquot peptides into single-use vials based on experimental needs to minimize this.
• Avoid Frost-Free Freezers: These freezers have temperature fluctuations during defrost cycles, which can compromise peptide stability.

Preventing Oxidation and Moisture Contamination

• Minimize Air Exposure: Limit the time peptide containers are open to reduce oxidation, especially for peptides containing cysteine (C), methionine (M), or tryptophan (W), which are prone to air oxidation.
• Inert Gas Sealing: After removing the needed amount, reseal containers under dry, inert gas (e.g., nitrogen or argon) to prevent oxidation of remaining peptides.
• Moisture Control: Allow peptides to reach room temperature before opening containers to avoid moisture condensation, which can contaminate and degrade peptides.

Storing Peptides in Solution

• Avoid Long-Term Storage in Solution: Peptide solutions have a shorter shelf life and are susceptible to bacterial degradation. Lyophilized form is preferred for long-term storage.
• Use Sterile Buffers: If peptides must be stored in solution, use sterile buffers at pH 5–6 and aliquot into single-use portions to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
• Refrigeration for Solutions: Store solutions at 4°C (39°F) for 30–60 days. Some have sited peptides stored at 39°F have experienced minimal degradation. Peptides with cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, aspartic acid (Asp), glutamine (Gln), or N-terminal glutamic acid (Glu) are less stable and should be frozen when not in use.

Peptide Storage Containers

• Container Requirements: Use clean, clear, structurally sound, and chemically resistant containers sized appropriately for the peptide quantity.
• Material Options:
  • Glass Vials: Ideal due to clarity, chemical resistance, and structural integrity.
  • Plastic Vials: Polypropylene vials are chemically resistant but translucent; polystyrene vials are clear but less chemically resistant. Transfer peptides to glass if needed.
• Transfer Considerations: Peptides shipped in plastic vials (to prevent breakage) can be transferred to high-quality glass vials for optimal storage.

General Tips

• Store in a cold, dry, dark environment.
• Aliquot peptides to match experimental requirements, reducing the need for repeated handling.
• Avoid light exposure to prevent photodegradation.
• Minimize air exposure to reduce oxidation risks.
• Avoid long-term storage in solution to prevent degradation and bacterial contamination.

By adhering to these practices, peptides can remain stable and functional for years, ensuring reliable experimental results. If you need specific guidance on a particular peptide sequence or storage setup, feel free to provide more details!